Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, national coalition (until 7 June), Stanley Baldwin, national coalition

January: unemployment assistant board crisis.

May: Ramsay McDonald resigns as prime minister.

June: Stanley Baldwin takes over as Prime Minister. Reconstruction of the national government, with MacDonald taking Baldwin’s place as Lord President of the council. Housing (‘Hilton Young’) Act obliges local authorities to clear slums and make plans (following an Overcrowding Survey) to end overcrowding; they would be prosecuted if their own housing remains sub-standard. Council house rents were not to undercut the private sector.

August: Government of India Bill, granting greater self-government, passed.

October: Clement Atlee elected leader of Labour party, replacing Lansbury.

November: General Election returns third National Government with a large majority, mostly made up of conservatives.

December: Sir Samuel Hoare resigns as foreign secretary, to be replaced by Anthony Eden. Left book club founded. Between 1935 and 1937 nearly a million communist pamphlets sold in Britain.

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, national coalition

 

February: Anglo-Russian trade agreement. Hunger march to London mounted by the NUWM, followed by a mass lobby of parliament.

March: the shops act (in force from the end of 1936) limits working hours for young shop assistants to 48 per week between 6am and 10pm, with some exceptions for sectors such as seasonal work and catering.

May: unemployment act restored the 10% benefit cuts, but retained the ‘means test’, as well as taking the issue of unemployment out of the political arena by removing it from local control and putting the administration of unemployment benefit under the unemployment assistant board (with a staff of 6,000 to help relief pressure on the labour exchanges).

June: BUF meeting at Olympia. Violence leads to Lord Rothermere (proprietor of the daily mail) to withdraw his support for Mosley. Membership of the BUF falls within a year from 50,000 to 5,000.

October: peace pledge union founded by cannon dick Sheppard.

November: labour gains control of the London county council.

December: passage of the special areas act intended to simulate investment in depressed areas. A grant of £2m allowed.

1934-1935: demonstrations mounted against regulations introduced by the new unemployment assistant board( created in December), governing unemployment relief in south wales, Scotland and Yorkshire. Some disturbances in south Wales (October 1934-febuary 1935).

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, national coalition

January: Unemployment reaches almost 3 million.

April: Anglo-German Trade Pact.  Housing Act suspends previous subsidies and draws up fresh plans to speed demolition (target 266,000 slum dwellings), build 285,000 new houses and rehouse 1.25 million people.

April-July: embargo on Russian exports.

June-July: world monetary and economic conference held in London.

July: rent act decontrol rent on more than 500,000 larger and more expensive houses.

November: liberal ‘samuelites’ cross to the opposition benches in the commons.

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, national coalition

March: passage of import Duties Act, imposing a permanent 10% general duty on imports, and setting up a committee to revise duties a necessary, signal the government’s abandonment of free trade

April: exchange equalisation fund established to smooth variations in exchange rates. Import duty on manufactured goods raised to between 20 and 331/3%.

June: bank rate reduced to 2%. Economic recovery begins as world trade improves, but it’s effects are uneven.

July: children and young persons Act,’ a land mark in the history of child protection’, consolidates all existing child legislation into one Act and deprives the poor law of it’s remaining responsibilities for children in care. It broadens the powers juvenile courts and introduces supervision orders for children at risk. It raises the age of criminal responsibility from 7-8 and the minimum age for execution to 18. It includes guidelines on the employment of school age children and make it illegal for children under 16 to buy cigarettes and tobacco.                                                                                                   ILP disaffiliates from the labour party.

July-august: Ottawa imperial economic conference, resulting in the Ottawa agreement, signed with the dominions, for a limited scheme of imperial preference and involving Britain obtaining more of her food imports from the empire.

September: Snowden and liberal ‘free-traders’ Samuel and Sinclair resign from government in protests as its protectionist policies.  Clashes between unemployed demonstrators and police in Birkenhead and Liverpool.

October: George Lansbury succeeds Henderson as new leader of the labour party. Mosley launches the British union of fascists (400 branches and estimated 20,000 membership by 1934). Arrest of NUWM leader, wal hanington

October-November:  NUWM hunger march to London followed by clashes with police in Hyde park and central London.

November-December: third round table conference on India in London

1932-33: major circulation war between the main newspaper. Daily herald and daily express achieve circulations of over 2,000,000 copies each per day

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, Labour and national coalition

February: May Committee on public expenditure established by the government.

March: Mosley founds the ‘new party’

 

July: financial crisis in Europe coincides   with the May committee report, which predicts a large budget deficit and recommends economies, including the reduction of unemployment benefits. Foreign investors withdraw funds from Britain (with the bank of England losing £2.5m per day in funds).

August : Labour government breaks up over the question of reducing unemployment benefits.  Formation, under the leadership of Ramsey MacDonald, of the national government to tackle the economic crisis and preserve the value of the pound at the gold standard level ($4.86).  Arthur Henderson replaces MacDonald   as leader of the labour party.

August: Ramsay MacDonald’s action of putting himself as head of a national government was extremely controversial.  MacDonald may have instead of give up the premiership and its perquisites, betrayed his party or he could have considered the interests of the country over his party and political future.

September: economy measures introduced: public spending cut and taxes raised.  A ‘means test introduced for that claiming unemployment benefit. Naval mutiny at Invergordon in Scotland in protest at the pay cuts in the armed services further undermines confidence in the economy and Britain goes of the gold standard anyway. The pound falls from $4.86 to $3.80.                                    McDonald expelled from the labour party. Second round table conference on india begins in London.

October: liberal party splits into official liberals (‘samuelites’) and Simonite liberal nationals. general election.  National government  wins an overwhelming  majority of seats (largely  a conservative majority).  Labour badly beaten.

October-November: widespread demonstrations against the government’s economic measures.  Clashes between the national unemployed workers’ movement (NUWM) demonstrators and police in (among other places) Bristol, Salford, Manchester and Dundee.

November: MacDonald forms second national government. Emergency tariffs imposed via the abnormal importations act (to run for six months) to prevent  dumping of foreign goods on the British market.

December: statute of Westminster grants extended self-governing powers to the dominions.

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Ramsay MacDonald, Labour

 

January: Mental Treatment Act  made and voluntary treatment possible for mental illnesses.

March: The poor law act renames poor law relief public assistance and abolishes the workhouse test.  Henceforth, only the aged and infirm were to apply to the workhouse and outdoor relief could be granted.

May: Sir Oswald Mosley resigns from the government after cabinet rejects his radical scheme to combat unemployment and improve the economy.

August: Housing (‘Greenwood’) Act provided for slum clearance by local authorities and continued subsided house building via graduated subsidies allocated according to the number of families re-housed and the cost of clearance. Local authorities were obliged to produce five-year plans for slum clearance (plans which were interrupted by the 1931 economic crisis and the 1931-33 economy drive).

November: First round table conference on the future of India held in London.

December: Number of unemployed reaches 2.5 million.

 

December: 2.5 million now unemployed and it is the responsibility of Margaret Bondfield. There were two aspects to the problem: the maintenance of the unemployed and the provision of jobs for the jobless. Bondfield appointed the Morris committee to investigate the “Genuinely seeking work clause”. The recommendations it made were later incorporated into the Unemployment Insurance Act of 1930, which included the replacement of the “Genuinely seeking work clause” with the idea that claimants must accept a suitable job if one was offered. Other recommendations were increasing the number entitled to transitional benefit and provided new treasury subsidies for the unemployment fund (it’s borrowing powers increased from £50m -> £60m -> £70m -> £80m – £90m – £115m).  In creating jobs, Snowden the chancellor was not so keen to spend money creating jobs fearing inflation.

Spent only £42 million on public works creating only 60,000 jobs.

Mosely produced his memorandum in January which was adversely reported on by a Cabinet sub-committee, largely it would seem on grounds of their expense and iconoclastic nature. Mosely resigned from the Labour government after his Memorandum was rejected by the Cabinet in May.

He proposed:

  • Unemployment should be tackled along the same lines that war had been waged.
  • Domestic purchasing power should be increased by loan-financed public works.
  • Increased expenditure of retirement pensions and a rise in school leaving age should reduce numbers seeking employment.
  • Restructuring of the banking system akin to German models.

 

 

Monarch – King George V
Prime Minister – Stanley Baldwin, Conservative (until 5 June), Ramsay MacDonald, Labour

 

March: Passing of Local Government Act (by Neville Chamberlain) abolishing the Boards of Guardians created by the 1834 Poor Law (amendment) Act and transferring their responsibilities (from 1 April 1930) to county and county borough councils, where public assistance committees and public health committees would be set up.

May: General election.  Labour wins most seats (289), but no party secures an overall majority.  Liberals reduced to 59 seats.

June: formation of second Labour government under the leadership of James Ramsay MacDonald.

August: Coal Mines act passed, reducing Miners working day by half an hour (to 7.5).

October: Crash of New York stock exchange on Wall Street, with securities at market value falling by almost $16, 000m, immediately affecting world trade and investment.  British export fell from £839 (1929) to $461m (1931).  Growing unemployment as a result.  Edward Wood, Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India (and later Lord Halifax), makes a public promise of Dominion status for India. Restoration of Diplomatic relations with Soviet Union.

 

American industrialists, encouraged by high profits and helped by increasing mechanisation produced too many goods for home markets while foreign countries were reluctant to buy (Partly due to tariffs.  The general stagnation of trade began to show itself in 1929. . Everyone rushed to sell their shares and no one wanted to buy, causing the Wall Street Crash.

24th October 1929 – Known as Black Thursday when nearly 13 million shares were dumped on the stock market at depressingly low prices, affecting the rest of the world.

Labour was for the first time, the largest party in Parliament. In its manifesto ‘Labour and the Nation’ they affirmed their commitment to socialism.

Labour got funding from unions, and with rising unemployment may have become steadily powerful.
Less fear of labour (They had already been in power once)
Liked spring elections (working class more likely to go out to vote in warm weather)

Liberals were a declining force with little money, Lloyd George had to contribute £300,000 of his own money

Conservatives were currently in Government which may not have help (resentment about current state of affairs).

The conservative defeat in uneasy to understand. The party had plenty of time to prepare for it, Baldwin was personally popular but there has been much criticism of Conservative preparations. Some studies, namely John Ramsden’s purport that too much delegation to inexperienced individuals too place. The government did not convince the electorate that it had a clear sense of direction.  By 1929, it’s most positive achievements laid several years in the past and the Conservatives had been incapable of solving many of the pertinent issues of the day such as the gradually intensifying problems of unemployment and the staple industries. After the defeat of the general strike 1926, the government seemed to have shifted to a more right-wing stance, losing its appeal as a broad-based moderate administration. All actions taken to increase the numbers in the electorate were not calculated to stir Tory hearts. These polices may have been unpopular with conservative voters and besides many of the ministers seemed old and tired.

In explaining the defeat, the spotlight could be placed on the increased scale of the liberal challenge.  In 1926, Lloyd George has become the leader of the liberal party bringing with him new ideas about reviving the economy and an influx of much needed funds. In Stuart Ball’s words, Labour and Liberals were ‘the twin rocks upon which the Conservative vessel foundered’.

The election shows how undecided the British public were.

 

This Is an Example Project  for the 2010/2011  Computing database Creating Coursework

Exemplar Project Technicians Hardware Log (Click Here to view/download)

 

SRCL is a LTD (Private Limited Company) which means that it has limited liability. Set up in 1968, it is now 42 years old. SRCL’s are specialists in what they do. A management buyout (MBO) is a form of acquisition where a company’s current managers buy the business from its owners, possibly because this may be to save their jobs, either if the business has been scheduled for closure or if an another buyer would bring in its own managers. It may also be because they want to maximize the financial benefits they receive from the success they bring to the company by taking the profits for themselves. There is also less potential for conflict between stakeholders as managers are now the owners.

The business is UK based and therefore operates on a national market and may not be as affected as multinational competitors by the exchange rates set by Governments.

The fact that SRCL’s stonemasons are experts’ means that their skills will be much in demand and the overhead costs of SRCL in terms of wages and salaries is likely to be quite high.

Who Value of Shares Percentage
Joe Kring £22 800 38%
Fred Emerald £7 800 13%
Six Senior Managers £29 400 49%

SRCL seems to be growing rapidly in terms of turnover. Joe’s approach to business seems to be taking a stakeholder stance, which means they give all stakeholders equal importance, as opposed to a shareholder approach where they would only be interested in making profit.

The market size of the restoration and conservation of famous crumbling building and monuments, in terms of value, according to the case study, is £4 billion. For the 2010 turnover value of £8, 310, 106 means that (£8310106  ÷  £4000000000) × 100 = 0.21 %. This means that SRCL currently has 0.21% of the market.

The 2010 figures on the balance sheet are currently unaudited, but it would appear as though SRCL has managed to increase their working capital because their current liabilities have reduced substantially and their total current assets have increased.

SRCL is going to need some form of waste management for waste from humans or otherwise.

SRCL has the benefits that because it is a LTD, shareholders have limited liability and more people might be prepared to risk their money although profits have to be shared. Control of the company cannot be lot to outsiders, with new shareholders joining with the permission of all current shareholders. There is also business continuity because the business continues if the owner dies.

“SRCL has always competed on quality rather than price” might mean that they have no clear pricing strategy. This also means that SRCL may have lost customers who are more concerned about price, maybe SRCL should consider competing on price and quality.

Bespoke projects means that SRCL will need some way of taking these orders and finding out what the clients want, visiting locations of big jobs. This also suggests that they make use of job production for one-off projects.

From Hampshire, Surrey is 38.2 miles (61.4 km) away and North London about 55 miles (115 km).

As it used to be part of a civil engineering business and currently only does civil stonemasonry, Stonemasonry for the military is a possibility which is open to the business, such as training facilities or fortifications.

It is questionable if accepting small jobs is cost effective for SRCL, are wage, time and material costs of repairing a front step covered in £50, also bearing in mind supply and demand, the exclusivity of SRCL could add value and increase the prices they can charge and maybe SRCL should not just accept any job that comes their way.

SRCL’s Objectives: £10 million (may be SMART, but we’re not told), £15 million by 2015 (Boosting turnover by 50% in the next 5 years) is SMART in form but there is question as to whether 50% is realistic and may not be SMART in that way.  Attract more work in the high value, new-build housing.

The high value, new-build housing is a growing market because of those, according to the case study, flocking to UK.

Joe takes a stakeholder approach to business, which costs SRCL in time, money, paper and privacy, but may brings its own benefits (good PR and fulfilment of their Corporate Social Responsibility [CSR]).

The highest quality at the headquarters, if it cannot be matched by other offices, then there may be varying degrees of quality and risks to SRCL’s reputation.

By purchasing the saw which can satisfy the requirements for most of their work quickly, they have increased capacity because they can produce more in the same space and time that they used before.

The Corinthian shields are labour intensive while the saw indicates that the mass production is capital intensive.

Clare Bennett splitting her time between the Hampshire workshops and various worksites will most likely incur travel costs that may be covered by the business.

The company may want to consider the philosophy of lean production to combat waste. They need a way of turning the stone chips from the machine into a by-product. The fact that Mike thinks a use should be found for the waste from the machine means that he’s sure that the machine is staying and that his concerns about the machine will be briefly considered, if at all. Mike believes the machine is only as good as it’s operator which is a further argument for training.

 

Staff motivation is an issue, how can SRCL ensure job security, possibly by retraining Mike Harris and others. It costs SRCL £400,000 – £500,000 every 3 years for apprentices.

The risk of subcontracting is that they may not do it to the standard of quality customers expect from SRCL. The labour turnover has complicated decisions because they will need to replace those who leave before considering growth. Replacing them will eat into funds for subcontracting.

The business can respond to labour turnover issues by hiring more apprentices 4 years before those who will retire reach the retirement age retire. They can also use the usual labour turnover strategies concerning earnings and transport. They could even try getting more young people and ingrain within them the culture that the managers would like to see at SRCL.

The marketing manager needs to choose between organic growth, inorganic growth, and diversification. The other three elements of the marketing mix which are not mentioned are price, product, and place.

The Stone Federation is the official trade association for the natural stone industry. The Federation co-ordinates all aspects of the industry and provides those who request it and users with a first point of contact for information, advice and guidance in sourcing an appropriate material and a reliable service which is evidently beneficial for SRCL if they have won an award from them.

RoSPA is The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents and have been recognising health and safety success for over 50 years. The president’s award which SRCL won is categorised on the RoSPA website as an achievement award. The President’s Award is given to businesses who have gained 10-14 consecutive gold awards. Gold awards are given based on their health and safety performance, which SRCL most have obtained for 10 years as stated in the case study. The next step up from the President’s Award is the Order of Distinction which is for 15+ consecutive gold awards. The Order of Distinction award is the highest level that can be attained. SRCL has now received the President’s Award for 4 years, which means that at the next assessment, it should receive an Order of Distinction.

All the managers are not aligned with Joe’s vision for SRCL which could be problematic.

 

That the name of the business is F N Lyte suggests that was named after another member of the Lyte family, so George is not the founder, but is now the owner through major shareholdings. It is small business, regardless of if it is judged by the number of employees or the profit levels or the number of building it has.

That George is hardly in his office and managing by walkabout means that he won’t be easy to locate. The highly skilled craftsmen and likely to bring  high wage costs to LCL, and the job of these highly skilled craftsmen because LCL has almost new CAM equipment and it has case designers.

The exports made by LCL will be affected by exchange rates making it very volatile.

As LCL wants to show that it always acts with integrity and honesty, it may then be obliged to refuse Major Doodes’ order because it is in doubt. CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility.

Constraints which may affect the LCL include legislation by government, maybe affecting the acquisition of aluminium.

LCL adds value by changing raw materials into a finished product, but also more subtly through their reputation for quality, therefore creating an image for their products in the mind of consumers which may persuade them to pay more for their products as they believe they are getting more for their money. As a result of the added value, LCL may be able to achieve a high profit margin on each sale, covering their production costs, but this may be neutralised by what Shelia, the Finance Director, considers being over-engineering, whilst on the other hand, this may have contributed greatly to the added value.

LCL’s products are consumer durable goods and it operates in the secondary sector, turning raw materials into finished products.

LCL’s USP (unique selling point) is their reputation for quality. Factors that may affect LCL’s future success include effective employees, effective managers, sources of finance, reliable suppliers, loyal customers, effective marketing, a clear business plan and luck.

LCL is more product-orientated, therefore doing little marketing and not focusing as much as they can on profitability.

The opportunity cost of not accepting Major Doodes order is that they won’t meet their  targets. If they do accept it, their reputation is at stake.

The fact that the other members of the senior team feel George’s views dominate too much suggests that although, George listens to the views of others, he does not take it into account. This is also an indication of resentment in the senior team. The extent to which LCL and George are considered to be one may explain the reluctance of the managers to make any decisions in his absence. He does not delegate the authority or train others or give the opportunity for others to make decisions.

LCL’s Stakeholders

Shareholders/Owner – George Lyte, Banks, Minority Shareholders
Managers – George Lyte, Dave Short, Chris Hodder, and Shelia Ranger
Employees – Highly Skilled Craftsmen (20)
Customers – Major Doodes, Musicians, IT companies, aerospace industry, manufacturers of scientific instrumentation, companies that participate in exhibitions and trade fairs.
Governments – EU, USA, Australasia and others
Suppliers –

Indirect Stakeholders

Suppliers – Supplier’s Banks (while they do not directly supply LCL, they supply LCL’s suppliers with finance and financial services, therefore allowing LCL to be supplied.)

Importance and Impact of Each Stakeholder group on the business:

It may be said that LCL takes a stakeholder approach to business as opposed to a shareholder approach because it needs to.

Owners – George as a majority shareholder has the most influence on the business. With a 60% share of the business, his decisions can not in theory, be effectively opposed. The other shareholders with a total of 40% of the shares cannot exert much control or influence the business too much individually or collectively, other than withdrawing their financial support.

Managers – They make all the tactical and strategic decisions. They have a lot of control in the short term, more so in their own departments and divisions of the business. George still has overall control here as managing director.

Employees – They have operational control of the business and as highly skilled workers, they may not be easy to come by. They have even more control with industrial action because they cannot operate if the workers go on strike. Geroge doesn’t have much choice but to listen to their views, which he enjoys doing.

Customers – These are also of great importance to LCL, because some of them are hard won as mentioned in the case study. Due to LCL’s size (and bank loans), LCL needs their customers to survive.

Governments – The Governments of all LCL’s markets has great control over LCL’s future success, which is at the same time limited. The government could enact new or amend existing legislation to affect, the way LCL trades, obtains materials, taxes that LCL must pay, LCL’s exports and imports and trade relations. If the governments do not specifically target LCL, any changes they make will also likely affect other businesses in the same market in similar ways, therefore not affecting LCL’s position. This is however dependant of the skill of management at LCL and how lucky LCL is.

Suppliers – A refusal to supply LCL will very much destroy LCL because they seem to have quite a trusting relationship (which may weaken, because of the worry from the banks of LCL’s suppliers). LCL does appear to have any alternative suppliers, but they do make items for stock.

As can be seen, George, in effect controls the strategic and tactical running of the business. If not using the weight as the owner of LCL through his shareholdings, he can do so as the Managing Director.

What George enjoys doing is also what LCL must do to survive, so showing just how intertwined the two are and George may be holding the business back.

Finance

LCL currently uses overdraft, which it seems, may no longer be available, as a source of short-term finance to obtain working capital. Another source of finance for LCL appears to be trade credit from its suppliers because the supplier’s banks are worried that someone else might not be as trustworthy, which means that LCL currently gets trade credit but that George is good at paying them off. LCL itself also offers trade credit as can be seen from the balance sheet.

LCL could possibly raise finance through the issuing of shares but this is likely to result in George losing some control of the business.

The retained profit for LCL seems small in comparison to the other figures on the profit and loss account. The business may also have access to some Government assistance.

Reading from the Balance Sheet, Everything physical the business owns comes to a total value of £92,050.  This means that their building and machinery are individually less than this. They all add up to this figure.

Since it has been mentioned in the case study that LCL IS George in many ways, any questions asking about George may also want to know about LCL, or vice versa.

© 2012 Obolynx Educator Suffusion theme by Sayontan Sinha